How to fix Error: latin1 encoding is not supported for this buffer operation in Node.js

node --version

nvm install 18  # or any version >= 6.4.0
nvm use 18

brew upgrade node

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade nodejs

node --version  # Should show v6.4.0 or higher

const buffer = Buffer.from('Hello', 'latin1');
const str = buffer.toString('latin1');
console.log(str); // 'Hello'

// Convert UTF-8 string to latin1 buffer
const utf8String = 'café';
const latin1Buffer = Buffer.from(utf8String, 'utf8');

// Note: latin1 only supports characters U+0000 to U+00FF
// Characters outside this range will be replaced with '?'
const latin1String = latin1Buffer.toString('latin1');

// These are identical
const buf1 = Buffer.from(data, 'latin1');
const buf2 = Buffer.from(data, 'binary');

console.log(buf1.toString('latin1'));
console.log(buf2.toString('binary'));

npm install iconv-lite

const iconv = require('iconv-lite');

// Encoding to latin1
const latin1Buffer = iconv.encode('Hello café', 'latin1');

// Decoding from latin1
const str = iconv.decode(latin1Buffer, 'latin1');
console.log(str); // 'Hello caf?'  (é becomes ? in latin1)