How to fix 22010: invalid_indicator_parameter_value in PostgreSQL

-- Temporarily enable detailed logging
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_statement = 'all';
SELECT pg_reload_conf();

-- Or for session only
SET log_statement = 'all';

# For Node.js/PostgreSQL (node-postgres/pg)
npm update pg

# For Python (psycopg2/psycopg3)
pip install --upgrade psycopg-binary

# For Java (JDBC)
# Update your pom.xml or build.gradle to use latest PostgreSQL JDBC driver

# Python psycopg example - WRONG
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (%s, %s)",
               ("John", 25, 0))  # Extra 0 might be misinterpreted as indicator

# CORRECT - let driver handle NULL indicators
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (%s, %s)",
               ("John", 25))

# For explicit NULL with indicator
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (%s, %s)",
               ("John", None))  # Driver converts None to proper indicator

-- Simple test query
PREPARE test_query (text, integer) AS
INSERT INTO test_table (name, value) VALUES ($1, $2);

-- Execute with various parameter combinations
EXECUTE test_query ('test', 123);
EXECUTE test_query (NULL, 456);
EXECUTE test_query ('another', NULL);

-- Check server version
SELECT version();

-- Check protocol version (client may show in connection logs)

# Force specific protocol version if supported by driver
# Example for libpq (C library) environment variable
export PG_PROTOCOL_VERSION=3

-- Instead of parameterized query with NULL indicators:
-- PREPARE insert_user (text, integer) AS INSERT INTO users VALUES ($1, $2);

-- Use COALESCE or CASE to handle NULLs in SQL:
PREPARE insert_user (text, integer) AS
INSERT INTO users VALUES (
  CASE WHEN $1 IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE $1 END,
  CASE WHEN $2 IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE $2 END
);

-- Or use dynamic SQL generation in application code
-- Build query string based on which parameters are NULL