How to fix There is no parameter $N in PostgreSQL

-- This query has 3 parameters: $1, $2, $3
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1 AND status = $2 AND created > $3;

// Node.js with node-postgres - CORRECT
const res = await client.query(
  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1 AND status = $2 AND created > $3',
  ['[email protected]', 'active', '2025-01-01']
);

// WRONG - missing parameters entirely
const res = await client.query(
  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1 AND status = $2 AND created > $3'
);

// WRONG - only 2 values but query has 3 placeholders
const res = await client.query(
  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1 AND status = $2 AND created > $3',
  ['[email protected]', 'active']
);

// Query references $1 (email), $2 (status), $3 (date)
const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1 AND status = $2 AND created > $3';
const params = ['[email protected]', 'active', '2024-01-01'];
//            $1                      $2         $3

// CORRECT: array order matches placeholder order
await client.query(query, params);

// WRONG: parameters are in wrong order
await client.query(query, ['active', '[email protected]', '2024-01-01']);

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d mydb -c "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1"

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d mydb -c "PREPARE stmt AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1; EXECUTE stmt('[email protected]');"

// node-postgres uses $1, $2, $3
client.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1', [123]);

// Some ORMs auto-convert ? to $N
// TypeORM, Sequelize, Knex may handle this differently

// Prisma uses different syntax entirely (no $N)
await prisma.users.findUnique({ where: { id: 123 } });

// Raw queries in Sequelize:
sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1', {
  bind: [123],
  type: QueryTypes.SELECT
});

// node-postgres
const client = new Client({
  ...config,
  log: (...args) => console.log('QUERY:', args)
});

// Or use environment variable for logging
process.env.NODE_DEBUG = 'pg';