This error occurs when Python can't load a compiled extension (native library) due to missing dependencies, architecture mismatches, or library version conflicts. It requires investigating system libraries and architecture compatibility.
The "ImportError: DLL load failed" or "undefined symbol" error happens when Python successfully finds a module but can't load its compiled (native) components. This indicates: 1. Missing system library dependencies that the extension needs 2. Architecture mismatch (32-bit extension on 64-bit Python or vice versa) 3. Python version mismatch with the compiled extension 4. Library version conflicts or GLIBC incompatibility 5. Corrupted package installation This requires more investigation than regular import errors, as it involves system-level library compatibility.
Verify 32-bit vs 64-bit consistency:
python -c "import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)"Expected output: 32 or 64
Also check your OS:
uname -m # Linux/Mac
wmic OS get OSArchitecture # WindowsUninstall and reinstall, forcing a rebuild:
pip uninstall package-name
pip install --force-reinstall --no-cache-dir package-nameFor packages that depend on system libraries, install them first:
For numpy/scipy/pandas/scikit-learn on Linux (Debian):
sudo apt-get install libopenblas-dev liblapack-dev libatlas-base-dev gfortranFor opencv on Linux (Debian):
sudo apt-get install libsm6 libxext6 libxrender-devInspect what libraries the Python extension needs:
ldd ~/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages/package.so # Linux
otool -L /path/to/package.so # macOSLook for 'not found' libraries that are missing.
If pip wheels don't work, try conda which includes system libraries:
conda install package-nameWhen distributing Python applications with compiled extensions, use manylinux Docker images for building wheels. Consider using static linking or embedding system libraries for portability.
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