How to fix Error: remote-exec provisioner error in Terraform

resource "aws_security_group" "example" {
  name = "allow_ssh"

  ingress {
    from_port   = 22
    to_port     = 22
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]  # Restrict this to your IP in production
  }

  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
}

# Test SSH connectivity
ssh -i /path/to/key.pem ec2-user@<instance-ip>

# Test WinRM connectivity (Windows)
winrm id -r:https://<instance-ip>:5986

resource "aws_instance" "example" {
  ami           = "ami-0c55b159cbfafe1f0"
  instance_type = "t2.micro"
}

# Add a small delay to allow SSH to be ready
resource "time_sleep" "wait_for_instance" {
  depends_on      = [aws_instance.example]
  create_duration = "30s"
}

resource "null_resource" "remote_exec" {
  depends_on = [time_sleep.wait_for_instance]

  provisioner "remote-exec" {
    inline = ["echo 'Instance ready'"]

    connection {
      type        = "ssh"
      user        = "ec2-user"
      private_key = file("~/.ssh/id_rsa")
      host        = aws_instance.example.public_ip
    }
  }
}

resource "null_resource" "example" {
  provisioner "remote-exec" {
    inline = [
      "sudo yum install -y httpd",
      "sudo systemctl start httpd"
    ]

    connection {
      type        = "ssh"
      user        = "ec2-user"              # Varies by AMI: ubuntu, admin, ec2-user, root, etc.
      private_key = file("~/.ssh/my-key.pem")
      host        = aws_instance.example.public_ip
      timeout     = "5m"
    }
  }

  depends_on = [aws_instance.example, aws_security_group.example]
}

provisioner "remote-exec" {
  connection {
    type        = "ssh"
    host        = aws_instance.example.public_ip
    user        = "ec2-user"
    private_key = file("~/.ssh/id_rsa")
    timeout     = "10m"  # Increased from default 5m
  }

  inline = ["echo 'Provisioning...'"]
}

TF_LOG=DEBUG terraform apply 2>&1 | tee terraform_debug.log

provisioner "remote-exec" {
  connection {
    type            = "ssh"
    host            = aws_instance.example.public_ip
    user            = "ec2-user"
    private_key     = file("~/.ssh/id_rsa")
    script_path     = "/home/ec2-user/terraform-script.sh"  # Use home directory instead
  }

  inline = ["echo 'Testing from home directory'"]
}

ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa ec2-user@<instance-ip>

# Once connected, run your commands
sudo yum install -y httpd
sudo systemctl start httpd

resource "aws_instance" "example" {
  ami           = "ami-0c55b159cbfafe1f0"
  instance_type = "t2.micro"

  user_data = base64encode(file("${path.module}/init-script.sh"))
}

user_data = base64gzip(templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init.yaml", {
  packages : ["httpd"]
}))